Personalised management
6 Personalised management Optimal management of individuals with type 2 diabetes involves complex decision-making to achieve and maintain control of blood glucose as well as other risk factors. The blueprint…
Challenges to glycaemic control
2 Challenges to glycaemic control Achieving and maintaining adequate glycaemic control remains a challenge in many people with type 2 diabetes. The most recent National Institute for Health and Care…
Advantages and disadvantages of new therapies
4 Advantages and disadvantages of new therapies Efficacy based on haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) lowering and tolerability are no longer the only criteria for the success of a new drug for…
New insulin developments
Related posts: Challenges to glycaemic control Personalised management Type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, complications and costs Type 2 diabetes: epidemiology, complications and costs Organisation of diabetes care Barriers to adherence and…
Organisation of diabetes care
7 Organisation of diabetes care ROLE OF THE PRIMARY CARE TEAM IN MULTI-PROFESSIONAL CARE An important consequence of a chronic condition such as type 2 diabetes is that it is…
Regulation of Adrenal Steroidogenesis
Fig. 2.1 Steroid biosynthetic pathways in the human adrenal cortex. Shown are enzymes (underlined) and intermediates in the biosynthesis of adrenal steroid hormones. 17α-Hydroxypregnenolone is the preferred substrate for the…
Diagnosis and Management of Primary Aldosteronism
Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA)—30% of cases Bilateral idiopathic hyperplasia (IHA)—60% of cases Primary (unilateral) adrenal hyperplasia—2% of cases Aldosterone-producing adrenocortical carcinoma—<1% of cases Familial hyperaldosteronism (FH) Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (FH type 1)—<1%…
Pheochromocytoma/Paraganglioma: Update on Diagnosis and Management
Symptoms Frequency Signs Frequency Headache ++++ Hypertension ++++ Palpitations +++ – Sustained ++ Sweating +++ – Paroxysmal ++ Anxiety/nervousness ++ Tachycardia or reflex bradycardia +++ Abdominal/chest pain ++ Sweating/diaphoresis +++ Nausea ++…
Adrenal Cushing’s Syndrome: Updates on Overt and Mild Hypercortisolism
Mild hypercortisolism Overt hypercortisolism Diagnostic tests Sensitivity/specificity DSTa 75–100%/67–72% 100%/91% UFCb 36% 97%/91% MSCc 82%/60% 92–100%/93–100% Frequent mutations d Genetic mutations CTNNB1 (16%) ARMC5 (55% of BMAH)e PRKACA (35–69%)…
Diagnosis and Management of Adrenal Insufficiency
Primary Genetic disorders Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Adrenoleukodystrophy ACTH resistance syndromes ACTH insensitivity: familial glucocorticoid deficiency, triple-A syndrome Adrenal hypoplasia congenita Other transcription factors: SF1 (NR5A1) Drug induced Adrenostatic/adrenolytic: etomidate, ketoconazole,…
