Fig. 3.1 The cell cycle and its checkpoints. Cyclins are individually synthesised and degraded in a phase distinctive manner and bind and activate specific Cdks which coordinates the sequential progression…
Fig. 4.1 The central part of the figure represents the p53 protein indicating its main domains: the N-terminal transactivation domain, the proline-rich domain, a central DNA binding core and a…
Fig. 10.1 Overexpression of HSP70 affects multiple cancer-relevant pathways. (a) HSP70 inhibits the extrinsic apoptosis pathway by binding to the death receptors DR4 and DR5, and preventing the formation of…
Fig. 6.1 A brief history of microRNA research milestone The function of miRNAs requires a sequence specific match to their target mRNA. The majority of match pairs are composed of…
Fig. 15.1 Schematic showing the link between cellular stress and glycolysis. Stress stimuli trigger the stress signaling pathway such as p38/MAPK resulting in the activation of MAPK-M2 by phosphorylation. MAPK-M2…
Fig. 17.1 Evolution of inflammation in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Progression through pre-invasive pan-IN stages to PDAC is associated with loss of cell mediated immunity, decreased numbers of dendritic cells…
Fig. 14.1 Mechanisms of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α regulation under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. VHL von Hippel-Lindau 14.3 The Role of HIF-1 in Tumorigenesis Data from genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to…
Fig. 9.1 The three main signaling pathways of UPR. UPR begins in the ER. GRP78 binds the main stress response proteins, IRE1α, ATF6, and PERK in an inhibitory fashion under…
Fig. 12.1 ER stress and unfolded protein response signaling pathway. Upon accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, three major ER stress sensors, IRE1, ATF6, and PERK are…
Fig. 8.1 Milestones in senescence research: a timeline 8.1.1 Hallmarks of Cellular Senescence Senescent cells are not characterized by a specific biomarker. Expression of a group of markers defines a…
