Fig. 12.1 ER stress and unfolded protein response signaling pathway. Upon accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER, three major ER stress sensors, IRE1, ATF6, and PERK are…
Fig. 8.1 Milestones in senescence research: a timeline 8.1.1 Hallmarks of Cellular Senescence Senescent cells are not characterized by a specific biomarker. Expression of a group of markers defines a…
Fig. 11.1 Available drugs in clinical trials to block the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. All members of the ubiquitin family are generated through a high molecular weight precursor that has to be…
Fig. 13.1 Redox dysregulation in melanomagenesis driven by genetic alterations. Cumulative experimental evidence indicates that melanoma progression (from benign nevi to the metastatic stage of the disease) is modulated by…
Fig. 7.1 Molecular markers of senescence. Pictures showing some examples of senescence molecular markers, including senescence-associated b-galactosidase (SA-bGal) activity; senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF), visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy with DAPI staining;…
Fig. 1.1 Pushing cancer cells ‘off the cliff’. Cliff at Dieppe by Claude Monet, 1882 (Adapted from http://www.wikiart.org/en/claude-monet/cliff-at-dieppe; public domain) In this book entitled ‘Stress Response Pathways in Cancer’, leading…
Fig. 4.1 Source of estrogens in lean premenopausal and obese postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women, the main source of estrogens is the ovaries. Estrogens then act in an endocrine fashion to…
Fig. 3.1 Direct and indirect effects of adipokines, inflammatory mediators and insulin and IGF-1 on tumor cell growth. In obesity, hyperinsulinemia and high levels of certain adipokines, IGF-1 and inflammatory mediators…
Fig. 2.1 Number of publications on BMI and breast cancer over the last 3 decades. A Pubmed search was performed using search terms “body mass index” and “breast cancer” and plotted…
Fig. 1.1 Change in body shape during the menopausal transition. A decrease in estrogens after menopause, coupled to an increased ratio of androgens to estrogens, has been suggested to impact fat…
