Fig. 4.1 (a) White light endoscopic image of normal esophageal epithelium. (b) Superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (type 0–IIa). (c) Advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (type 2). (d)…
Location of tumor Total % Cervical 198 4.2 Upper thoracic 631 13.4 Middle thoracic 2,290 48.7 Lower thoracic 1,224 26.0 Abdominal 247 5.3 EG 31 0.7 EG junction (E = G) 26…
Fig. 1.1 Age-standardized incidence rate (World) of esophageal cancer in the world (2008) Esophageal cancer is two to four times more common among men than women in general; however it…
Fig. 13.1 Example 3D treatment planning for a cT1bN0 middle thoracic esophagus tumor. (a) Endoscopic insertion of clips in the esophageal wall near the proximal and distal end of the…
Fig. 14.1 Variety of EMRs. (a) EMR with a ligation device (EMR-L). A lesion is suctioned and ligated with O-ring before resection. (b) EMR using a cap-fitted endoscope (EMR-C). A…
Fig. 8.1 The status of lymph node metastases according to the location of the primary tumor as reported by Ando et al. [7] The concept of extensive three-field lymph node…
Fig. 11.1 Preoperative vs. postoperative radiotherapy. Survival rate in the postoperative radiotherapy-alone group (B) was significantly better than that in the pre- plus postoperative radiotherapy group (A) 11.2.1.2 Postoperative Chemotherapy…
Fig. 15.1 Investigation algorithm for esophageal cancer at The University of Hong Kong 15.2.1 Staging Clinical staging follows the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging (AJCC) TNM classification system. In…
Modality Clinical utility Overall accuracy (%) Computed tomography (chest, abdomen) Invasion of local structures (airways, aorta) ≥90 Metastatic disease ≥90 Endoscopy Local tumour (T) staging (operator dependent) 80–90 Endoscopic Ultrasonography…
Fig. 9.1 Placement of thoracic ports. Five ports with a small thoracotomy (4–5 cm) were introduced onto the thoracic wall. ICS intercostal space, A anterior axillary line, M middle axillary line,…
