High-Risk and Poorly Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Fig. 9.1 Ultrasound, right transverse Fig. 9.2 Ultrasound, lymph node Fig. 9.3 CT showing right thyroid mass Fig. 9.4 CT He underwent a total thyroidectomy, central neck dissection, and right…
Role of Radioactive Iodine for Remnant Ablation in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Fig. 17.1 Size distribution of maximal tumor diameter in 4138 adult PTC patients consecutively treated at Mayo during 1935–2014 and demonstrating that one-third of these patients during the eight decades…
Surveillance Strategies After Initial Treatment of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Surveillance method Description Advantages/benefits Disadvantages/limitations Thyroglobulin (Tg) Protein product of thyroid follicular cells Most sensitive method for detecting the presence of disease, particularly after stimulation with rhTSH or THW Wide…
Local and Systemic Treatment of Unresectable Disease
External Beam Radiotherapy External beam radiotherapy is a useful option in advanced DTC, particularly when the disease is iodine nonavid. It is most commonly used to treat surgically unresectable locoregional…
Molecular Diagnostic Approaches and Their Clinical Utility
Implied risk of malignancy according to TBSRTC (%) [1] Estimated risk based on reported studies (%) [5] Atypia of unknown significance/follicular lesion of unknown significance (AUS/FLUS) 5–15% 6–48% Follicular…
The Debate for Elective Lymph Node Dissection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Fig. 14.1 Anatomical boundaries of the central neck compartment Within the central compartment, there are several groups of lymph nodes that are resected during a central compartment dissection. The prelaryngeal…
The Rising Incidence of Thyroid Cancer: Contributions from Healthcare Practice and Biologic Risk Factors
Fig. 1.1 Incidence by histology of thyroid cancer and mortality of thyroid cancer, 1975–2011. Data are from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program (www.seer.cancer.gov) SEER*Stat Database: Incidence—SEER 9…
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Prognostic and Risk Assessment Systems
Year Diseasea Study size Age Size Extent/T-stage Lymphnode status Metastases Gender Grade Histology Others No. of riskgroups EORTC 1979 PTC, FTC,MTC, ATC 507 X X X X X 5…
The Debate against Elective Lymph Node Dissection in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Arguments for elective neck surgery Arguments against elective neck surgery Improved staging Extremely low rates of recurrence if observed Improved targeting of adjuvant therapy Excellent survival without elective surgery Reduced…
Molecular Genetics of Thyroid Cancer
Tumor Genes Frequency Citations PTC BRAF 40–50% [2, 4–8] RET/PTC 10–20% [2, 9, 10] RAS 10–20% [11–15] TRK 5–13% [16] TERT 9% [2] EIF1AX 2% [2] FTC RAS 20–50% [13,…
