Differences in Sex Development and Common Genital Anomalies
7Differences in Sex Development and Common Genital Anomalies Introduction Normal sexual differentiation and its genetic and hormonal control Classification of DSDs Initial investigation of dsds Aetiological diagnosis, sex assignment, and…
Hypoglycaemia
2Hypoglycaemia Physiology Symptoms and signs of hypoglycaemia Definition Aetiology Preliminary examination and investigation Treatment Emergency management of acute hypoglycaemia Guidelines for follow‐up When to involve a specialist centre Transition Future…
Endocrine Effects of Cancer Treatment
12Endocrine Effects of Cancer Treatment Pathophysiology Investigation and management of late endocrine effects Specific endocrine and growth abnormalities associated with cancer treatment When to involve a specialist centre Future developments…
Salt and Water Balance
9Salt and Water Balance Physiology and pathophysiology Hyponatraemia Endocrine hypertension Hypernatraemia Diabetes insipidus When to involve a specialist centre Future developments Controversial points Potential pitfalls Emergencies Case histories Further Reading…
Tall Stature
4Tall Stature Pathogenesis and differential diagnosis Assessment of the child or adolescent with tall stature Investigations Causes of tall stature Endocrine causes of tall stature Treatment of familial (constitutional) tall…
Safe Antiaging Full-Body In-Bed Gym and FES for Lazy Persons: Home In-Bed Exercises for Fighting Muscle Weakness in Advanced Age
Fig. 6.1 (a, b) Flexion and extension of the ankles Fig. 6.2 (a, b) Cycling movements Fig. 6.3 (a, b) Arms up and arms down Fig. 6.4 Deep breathing Fig….
Physical Therapy Modalities for Older Persons
Physical modality Tissue absorption Action Infrared radiations Superficial Muscle, joint, ulcer Continuous shortwave Deep Muscle, joint Pulsed shortwave Wet, ionic Muscle, nerve, edema, hematoma Laser Superficial vascular Muscle, nerve, tendon,…
Orthoses in Older Patients
Fig. 16.1 Upper limb rigid (right) and semirigid static orthoses 16.3 Shoes and Shoe Modifications Falls in older people are often related to footwear. Foot proprioception and plantar sensitivity worsen…
Exercise for Frail Older Adults
Fig. 9.1 This figure shows the imbalance between the gravity center and the supporting base in older adults Moreover, flexed posture determines an overload to the lower limbs and to…
