Abstract Pheochromocytomas are neural crest-derived tumors of the adrenal medulla; paragangliomas are extra-adrenal pheochromocytomas. An accurate family and medical history is required to determine the risk for an inherited syndrome….
Abstract Considerable advances toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of adrenocortical tumors (ACT) development have recently been made. The study of rare genetic syndromes associated with ACT has greatly facilitated progress…
Abstract Inherited disorders in the metabolism and recognition of vitamin D cause hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and severe skeletal deformities classic for rickets. Mutations of the 25-hydroxyvitamin d -1-hydroxylase are responsible for…
Abstract Genetic skeletal disorders make up one of the largest groups among rare inherited conditions. Referred to as skeletal dysplasias, these hereditary diseases of bone may be classified according to…
Abstract The genetic basis for several of the familial hyperparathyroid syndromes has been identified, and in these instances, genetic testing can make important (and at times lifesaving) contributions to patient/family…
Abstract Thyroid hormone (TH) synthesis and release is under feedback regulation by the hypothalamic input to the pituitary via thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH) resulting in pituitary secretion…
Abstract Hypopituitarism is defined as the deficiency of one or more of the anterior pituitary hormones: growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, lutenizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, and adrenocorticotrophic hormone….
Abstract With a prevalence of one in 3000–4000 newborns, congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common inborn endocrine disorder and one of the most common preventable causes of mental retardation….
Abstract Diabetes insipidus is characterized by the excretion of abnormally large volumes of dilute urine under conditions of ad libitum fluid intake. In rare cases, it is caused by mutations…
Abstract Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) represents the gold standard for the evaluation of thyroid nodules, although 20% to 30% of FNAC have indeterminate cytology, recognizing the problem of the correct…
