Development of the Endocrine Pancreas
FIGURE 31-1. Schematic outline of the development of the mammalian pancreas. 1, Dorsal and ventral buds arise from the duodenal part of the primitive gut endoderm (blackened). 2, The dominant…
Androgen Physiology, Pharmacology, and Abuse
FIGURE 137-1. Pathways of testosterone biosynthesis and action. In men, testosterone biosynthesis occurs almost exclusively in mature Leydig cells by the enzymatic sequences illustrated. Cholesterol originates predominantly by de novo…
TSH-Producing Adenomas
FIGURE 17-1. The significant increase in reported cases of pituitary thyrotropin (TSH)-producing adenoma in the decade from 1989 to 1999, when ultrasensitive TSH assay and direct methods for free thyroid…
Hormone Signaling Via G Protein–Coupled Receptors
FIGURE 5-1. Schematic of G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR) structures. Top panel represents a subclass I rhodopsin/neurotransmitter GPCR. Middle panel represents a subclass II glucagon–related receptor. Bottom panel represents a subclass…
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
FIGURE 106-1. CT after contrast media of 8.5 cm in homogeneous ACC of the left adrenal gland (white arrow) and liver metastases (black arrows). (Image provided by W. Kenn, Dept….
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes
FIGURE 154-1. Dysdifferentiation results in aberrant gene expression. The malignant transformation of a progenitor cell results in a clonal population of cells that have undergone atypical differentiation. These cells share…
Glucocorticoid Therapy
FIGURE 100-1. The structures of commonly used glucocorticoids. In the depiction of cortisol, the 21 carbon atoms of the glucocorticoid skeleton are indicated by numbers, and the four rings are…
Diabetic Foot and Vascular Complications
FIGURE 55-1. Pathophysiology of the diabetic foot leading to vascular complications. (Modified from LoGerfo FW: Bypass grafts to the dorsalis pedis artery. In Whittemore AD, Bandyk DF, Cronenwett JL, Hertzer…
Aldosterone: Secretion and Action
FIGURE 99-1. Interacting feedback loops controlling aldosterone secretion. Volume is regulated through the renin-angiotensin system, and potassium is regulated through direct feedback. A-I, Angiotensin I; A-II, angiotensin II; BP, blood…
Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
With respect to fasting, premeal, or postprandial targets, there is little support for any particular level of glycemic control in the management of type 2 diabetes insofar as no large-scale…
