Anatomy and Development of the Thyroid
FIGURE 72-1. Gross anatomy of the thyroid. A, Anterior view. B, Posterior view. In a normal adult, the entire gland is approximately 6 to 7 cm wide, 3 to 4 cm long,…
Multinodular Goiter
FIGURE 87-1. Classification of thyroid nodules on the basis of results from clonality studies. Such studies imply that most thyroid nodules are “true” thyroid tumors compared with polyclonal hyperplastic nodules….
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormones
FIGURE 115-1. The primary amino acid sequences of naturally occurring decapeptide gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) structural variants spanning approximately 600 million years of evolution. Boxed regions show the conserved aminoterminal and…
Diabetes Control, Long-Term Complications, and Large Vessel Disease
FIGURE 51-1. Association between mean glucose level as measured by level of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and presence of retinopathy in older patients (55 to 75 years) with type 2 diabetes…
Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome, Cryptorchidism, Hypospadias, and Testicular Tumors
FIGURE 138-1. Schematic representation of the pathogenesis and clinical representations of testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS). (Modified from Skakkebæk NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jørgensen N, et al: Testicular cancer trends as “whistle…
Vasopressin, Diabetes Insipidus, and the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion
FIGURE 21-1. Amino acid structure of vasopressin and oxytocin. Note that only positions 3 and 8 have different amino acids. FIGURE 21-2. Factors governing arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion. CVO, Circumventricular…
Resistance to Thyroid Hormone
FIGURE 94-1. Transport, deiodination, and nuclear action of thyroid hormones. Transporters are required for passage of T3 and T4 across the plasma membrane, facilitating hormone uptake, efflux, or both. Deiodinases…
Chronic (Hashimoto’s) Thyroiditis
This chapter focuses on Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, and lymphadenoid goiter. In the early stage, patients are euthyroid and have no or a…
Regulation of Growth Hormone and Action (Secretagogues)
FIGURE 23-1. Schematic representation of the human GH1 gene showing the alternative splicing of exon 3. This gene contains five exons and four introns; exons are numbered E1 through E5…
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
FIGURE 10-1. Schematic representation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, showing sites of glucocorticoid negative feedback. ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic hormone; CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone. History The many important contributions made to the understanding of…
