Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone: Physiology and Secretion
FIGURE 73-1. Structural organization of the human TSH subunit genes and mRNAs. The two panels show the TSHβ (top) and α subunit (bottom) genes. Shown are the relative locations and…
Gastrointestinal Hormones and Tumor Syndromes
FIGURE 152-1. Communication in the gastrointestinal endocrine system. Gastrointestinal endocrine cells respond to nutrients (open-type cells) and/or stretch (closed-type cells). They may release peptides into the circulation to affect distant…
Genetic Defects in Vitamin D Metabolism and Action
FIGURE 66-1. Schematic representation of the main steps of the vitamin D biosynthetic pathway, where genetic aberrations may lead to rickets and osteomalacia. The renal defect in pseudo–vitamin D–deficiency rickets…
Amenorrhea, Anovulation, and Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding
FIGURE 129-1. Menstrual cycle length in relation to age. The median and 5th and 95th percentiles are indicated. Note the marked variation in length of the menstrual cycle at the…
Glucocorticoid Receptors: Their Mechanisms of Action and Glucocorticoid Resistance
FIGURE 98-1. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) domain structure and signaling pathway. A, GR is composed of an amino-terminal transactivation domain (NTD), DNA-binding domain (DBD), hinge region (H), and ligand-binding domain (LBD)….
Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children
FIGURE 26-1. Height velocity chart for boys aged 0 to 19 years. Centiles 3 to 97 illustrated with 50th centile in bold. Shaded zone, Variation in timing of pubertal growth…
Hypothyroidism and Myxedema Coma
FIGURE 85-1. Individual and median values of thyroid function tests in various grades of primary hypothyroidism. Interrupted horizontal lines indicate upper (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) and lower (free thyroxine [FT4] and…
Type 1 (Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus: Etiology, Pathogenesis, Prediction, and Prevention
FIGURE 40-1. Pathophysiologic mechanisms and clinical presentations in type 1 diabetes mellitus. The clinical presentation in T1DM can be classical or emergency diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), depending on the extent of…
Gonadal Peptides: Inhibins, Activins, Follistatin, Müllerian-Inhibiting Substance (Antimüllerian Hormone)
FIGURE 116-1. Schema of the structures of inhibin, the α subunit containing peptide pro-αC, αN, activin, and follistatin. Note that 31-kD inhibin is derived from the 58-kD form by proteolytic…
Endocrine Aspects of Critical Care Medicine
FIGURE 114-1. Nocturnal serum concentration profiles of growth hormone (GH) illustrate the differences between the acute phase and the chronic phase of critical illness in an intensive care setting. (From…
