Oncohema Key

FIGURE 9.1 Circulating bone marrow–derived cell populations that stimulate or amplify tumor angiogenesis. The various hematopoietic (CD45-positive) cell types appear to have a perivascular location with respect to the tumor…

FIGURE 23.1 Tissue-restricted genetic instability in ovarian epithelial cells from women at risk for ovarian cancer with no BRCA mutations. Mitomycin C–induced chromosomal breakage is high and FANCD2 levels are…

FIGURE 32.1 Schematic representation of the t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation that creates the Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome. The ABL and BCR genes reside on the long arms of chromosome 9 and 22, respectively….

STEREOTYPIC PATTERNS OF METASTASIS TO DISTANT ORGANS BY CANCER TYPE Heterogeneity in Cancer Metastasis and Rarity of Metastatic Cells Because numerous sequential steps are needed for metastasis, multiple genetic changes…

FIGURE 16.1 Progression of stages in esophageal squamous cell cancer and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cyclin D1 and p16INK4a The mammalian cell cycle is regulated exquisitely by cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), and…

MOST FREQUENTLY ACQUIRED MOLECULAR ABNORMALITIES IN LUNG CANCER FIGURE 15.1 Significantly mutated pathways in lung adenocarcinomas. Genetic alterations in lung adenocarcinoma frequently occur in genes of the mitogen-activated protein kinase…

SOME EPIGENETIC MODIFICATIONS AND THEIR ROLES IN GENE ACTIVITIES Figure 3.1 depicts the positions of a small subset of the possible modifications on the histone H3 protein in the context…

EXAMPLES OF GENETIC CHANGES TO FACILITATE TREATMENT DECISIONS SUMMARY The understanding of the genetic and genomic differences among individuals that affect cancer susceptibility and the genetic and genomic changes that…

FIGURE 4.1 Human telomere structure. A: Human telomeres form telomere loop (T loop) and displacement loop (D loop) secondary structures. Long stretches of telomeric repeats create a loop-back structure (T…