Breast Biomarker Immunocytochemistry
Abstract Organization, more than 20 morphologic subtypes of breast cancer have been recognized. By gene expression, invasive breast cancer is classified into at least four major subtypes; luminal A, luminal…
Risk Factors for Breast Carcinoma in Women With Proliferative Breast Disease
Abstract We review the evidence that proliferative breast disease increases the risk of breast cancer. Results from six cohorts give consistent estimates of these risks. The combined estimate of the…
Discharges and Secretions of the Nipple
Abstract Nipple discharge is a common breast symptom that warrants evaluation. Although most discharges are due to benign conditions, discharge may be due to an underlying malignancy. This chapter reviews…
Breast Cancer Genetics: Syndromes, Genes, Pathology, Counseling, Testing, and Treatment
Abstract Only approximately 10% of breast cancers are caused by identifiable mutations in major breast cancer susceptibility genes. Nevertheless, for families affected by these mutations, genetic testing is a powerful…
Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer
Abstract This chapter reviews 20 years of randomized, prospective clinical research on the use of selective hormone receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors for the reduction of breast cancer risk in…
Molecular Prognostic Factors for Breast Carcinoma
Abstract Molecular genomic testing provides clinicians with prognostic and predictive information that can help individualize treatment, decrease the risk of over- or under-treatment, and, accordingly, improve outcomes. In this chapter,…
Paget Disease of the Breast
Abstract Paget disease (PD) is defined as the presence of neoplastic cells of glandular differentiation, interspersed between keratinocytes of nipple epidermis, and constitutes approximately 1% of breast cancer cases. More…
Clinically Established Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer
Abstract Prognostic factors are quantifiable data that provide information regarding the expected outcome for patients with a particular disease prior to therapy. Importantly, though, these prognostic values provide information on…
Epidemiology of Breast Cancer
Abstract Multiple studies provide estimates of the risk of breast cancer for women. Dense breasts on mammography or having first-degree relatives with breast cancer are associated with at least a…
History of the Therapy of Breast Cancer
Abstract This chapter provides the reader with an overview of the key milestones in the development of the current understanding and management of breast cancer. Although the milestones listed here…
