Cholangiocarcinoma
Fig. 12.1 Anatomic location of cholangiocarcinoma subtypes: CCA can be classified as being intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC), based on the location of the tumor. ECC is divided…
Early Breast Cancers
Risk factors Relative risk (-fold) Age (≥65 years) >4.0 Genetic factors: BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 >4.0 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) 7.0–11.0 Family history One first-degree relative 2.0 Two first-degree relatives…
Ovarian and Adnexal Masses
Ovarian Simple cyst Corpus luteum Follicular cyst Benign serous Benign mucinous Complex Endometrioma Dermoid Malignant ovarian tumor Malignant metastatic tumor Malignant tumors Epithelial Germ cell Sex cord Extraovarian Ectopic pregnancy…
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Primary tumor (T) TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Tumor ≤5 cm in greatest dimension* T1a Superficial tumor T1b Deep tumor T2 Tumor…
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Fig. 13.1 Proposed progression model for pancreatic cancer. The majority of pancreatic cancer is believed to involve telomere shortening and mutations of the oncogene KRAS occurring in early stages, followed…
Esophageal Cancer
Primary tumor (T)* TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis High-grade dysplasia** T1 Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa T1a Tumor invades…
Rectal Cancer
Fig. 18.1 A 62-year-old woman who presents with a rectal adenocarcinoma involving the sphincter complex. She is not a candidate for sphincter-preserving operation. The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy followed…
Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC)
Fig. 5.1 Inflammatory breast cancer: Note the swollen breast, erythema, skin thickening, and peau d’orange. (Courtesy of Quyen D. Chu, MD, MBA, FACS) Fig. 5.2 (a): Pictures of patients with…
Local Excision of Early-Stage Rectal Cancer
T1N0 No evidence of lymphovascular invasion Well-differentiated to moderately differentiated tumor Tumor < 3 cm in diameter Involved < 30 % circumference of rectal wall Posterior Approach The approach to locally resect rectal cancer…
