Oncohema Key

COMPLICATIONS Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“

CLINICAL COURSE Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ Retraction of the upper eyelids is the most important clinical clue and produces a triad that is nearly pathognomonic of endocrine…

PATHOLOGY Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ The major pathologic changes that occur in Graves disease are inflammatory infiltration by lymphocytes and chronic inflammatory cells in all orbital tissues…

ETIOLOGY Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ Proptosis, soft-tissue involvement, and ophthalmoplegia occurring in a patient with concurrent thyrotoxicosis or a past history of hyperthyroidism suggests dysfunction of the…

DEFINITION Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ Endocrine ophthalmopathy is a complex orbital disease of unknown cause characterized by round-cell infiltration, edema, and proliferation of connective tissue. These changes…

ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY Melvin G. Alper Leonard Wartofsky DEFINITION ETIOLOGY PATHOLOGY

GRAVES DISEASE IN SPECIAL SITUATIONS Part of “CHAPTER 42 – HYPERTHYROIDISM“ PREGNANCY AND GRAVES DISEASE The diagnosis of thyrotoxic Graves disease in a pregnant patient is especially difficult, because euthyroid…

TREATMENT OF GRAVES DISEASE Part of “CHAPTER 42 – HYPERTHYROIDISM“ The three major modalities of treatment for a thyrotoxic patient with Graves disease are antithyroid medications, 131I, and thyroidectomy. ANTITHYROID…

NATURAL HISTORY OF GRAVES DISEASE Part of “CHAPTER 42 – HYPERTHYROIDISM“ Although our understanding of the pathogenesis of Graves disease is progressing rapidly, we still cannot accurately predict the natural…

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPERTHYROIDISM Part of “CHAPTER 42 – HYPERTHYROIDISM“ GRAVES DISEASE Graves disease occurs most frequently in young women (˜5:1 female to male ratio) but is not uncommon in…