ABNORMALITIES OF LABORATORY TESTS
ABNORMALITIES OF LABORATORY TESTS Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ One of the earliest changes in patients with chronic renal failure is increased plasma levels of PTH. As the…
CLINICAL FEATURES
CLINICAL FEATURES Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ Symptoms of renal osteodystrophy usually appear only in patients with advanced renal failure, although the abnormalities in mineral metabolism occur early…
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOGENESIS Part of “CHAPTER 61 – RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY“ OSTEITIS FIBROSA Osteitis fibrosa results from high circulating levels of biologically active parathyroid hormone (PTH). Elevated levels of immunoreactive PTH (iPTH) and…
RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY
RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY Kevin J. Martin Esther A. Gonzalez Eduardo Slatopolsky The association of skeletal disease with renal failure has been recognized for many years. The term renal osteodystrophy is used…
THERAPY FOR HYPOCALCEMIA
THERAPY FOR HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ Before treating hypocalcemia, one should recall that hypoalbuminemia is the most common cause of low total…
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOCALCEMIA
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ The history and physical examination are quite important in the evaluation of hypocalcemia. The goal…
PARATHYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE
PARATHYROID HORMONE RESISTANCE Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ PSEUDOHYPOPARATHYROIDISM TYPE 1 The term pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) describes a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by biochemical hypoparathyroidism (i.e.,…
OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA
OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA Hypocalcemia may also occur because of acute or chronic hyperphosphatemia. Plasma phosphate, when elevated,…
SPECIFIC CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA
SPECIFIC CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ HYPOPARATHYROIDISM A biochemical state of functional hypoparathyroidism occurs either because of failure of secretion of…
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOCALCEMIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPOCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 60 – HYPOPARATHYROIDISM AND OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOCALCEMIA“ Ionized calcium, rather than total calcium, is the primary determinant of symptoms in patients…
