SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS Part of “CHAPTER 100 – MENOPAUSE“ Postmenopausal estrogen use may protect against osteoporosis and heart disease, but may increase the risks of breast and endometrial cancers….
ESTROGEN-REPLACEMENT THERAPY Part of “CHAPTER 100 – MENOPAUSE“ COMPLICATIONS Hormone-replacement therapy may produce a number of undesirable side effects and complications. For example, it raises the risk of developing thromboembolic…
PREMATURE MENOPAUSE Part of “CHAPTER 100 – MENOPAUSE“ Premature ovarian failure is the onset of menopause before age 35 years, and is diagnosed by finding elevated plasma FSH levels. The…
ENDOCRINE AND OTHER CHANGES OF THE MENOPAUSE Part of “CHAPTER 100 – MENOPAUSE“ With follicular depletion, steroid production by ovarian follicles falls. The predominant estrogen produced by ovarian follicles is…
DEFINITION AND INCIDENCE Part of “CHAPTER 100 – MENOPAUSE“ Menopause designates the permanent cessation of menses, which women experience at the average age of 51 years. This is but one…
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Part of “CHAPTER 99 – PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME“ The pathophysiology of PMS is unknown. There appear to be two primary determinants. The first is cyclic function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis,…
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS Part of “CHAPTER 99 – PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME“ The symptoms of PMS fall into one of four temporal patterns (Fig. 99-1).5 The most severely affected women report having only…
