Fig. 2.1 Simplified cellular organization The aim of this chapter is to highlight some of the molecular abnormalities involved in carcinogenesis, and potential challenges to finding perfect ‘anti-cancer drugs. Carcinogenesis…
Fig. 10.1 Nasopharyngeal carcinoma. (a) H&E-stained section of tumor cells-associated lymphocytes, 600× magnification. (b) CISH for EBER from the same tissue block as (a), 600× magnification Additional Applications Another scenario…
Fig. 7.1 Overview of copy number and SNP microarray methodology. This figure summarizes the “wet lab” (a) and the analytic (b) tasks associated with DNA copy number and SNP microarray…
Gene/protein Function Alteration Type 1 (%) Type 2 (%) MSI OG Hypermethylation 20–45 11 ERBB2 (HER2) OG Amplification 10–30 18–80 PTEN TSG Inactivation 83 11 PIK3CA OG Mutation 26–36 5…
Fig. 5.1 Sanger sequencing traces (a) using the Forward primer, and (b) the Reverse primer. The position of the variant is indicated with an arrow In addition, the limit of…
Fig. 14.1 Triple immunostain cocktail of a prostate biopsy. In the definitely benign prostate acini (top), a layer of basal cells is stained brown, representing reactivity for cytokeratin 34βE12, a…
Fig 21.1 Successful reimbursement depends on accurate coding of the service, insurance coverage of the service, and adequate pricing of the service The standard for coding medical services in the…
Activity type Considerations Reagent preparation 1. Perform in cleanest environment 2. Store working stock solutions in single-use aliquots 3. Quality control each new set of reagents before use in clinical…
Fig. 1.1 Structure of elements comprising the eukaryote protein coding (mRNA) gene. Modified from [40]. Used under creative commons attribution license DNA Encoding Messenger RNA, Enhancers, and snRNA The eukaryotic…
Tumor type Prevalence (%) Papillary carcinoma BRAF 40–45 RET/PTC 10–20 RAS 10–20 TRK <5 Follicular carcinoma RAS 40–50 PAX8-PPARγ (PAX8-PPARG) 30–35 PIK3CA <10 PTEN <10 Poorly differentiated carcinoma RAS 20–40…
