Adolescent Pregnancy and Contraception
Method Dose Timing of use after unprotected intercourse (better to use as soon as possible) Reported efficacy Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg given twice, 12 h apart or 1.5 mg given as…
Delayed Puberty: Impact on Female Fertility
Fig. 11.1 The sequence of events during puberty in girls. Breast bud appearance is usually before pubic hair growth; in the meantime growth velocity increases reaching the peak at Stage…
Management of Disorders of Sex Development
Fig. 2.1 Clinical orientation for DSD In some cases, the external genitalia are “ambiguous” and are associated with: A genital bud that is midway between a penis and a clitoris…
Premature Pubarche
Fig. 5.1 Adrenal steroid biosynthesis The mechanism of adrenarche onset remains unknown, although the implication of leptin, IGF1, and ACTH has been conjectured. In addition, MC-2 receptor, CYP19, IGF1, and…
Dimorphism of Human Brain: The Basis of the Gender Differences
Fig. 1.1 Brain sexual differentiation is a multisignaling process presenting sex steroids as key modulators in different steps The so called “neurosteroids” influence the neurobiology of sexual function acting by…
Management of Peripheral Precocious Puberty in Girls
Pubertal stage Age (years) Breast buds (B2) 10.1 Sparse pubic hair growth (P2) 11.2 Darker, coarser pubic hair growth (P3) 12.2 Growth spurt 12.2 Menarche 12.7 Adult pubic hair in…
Maturation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis and the Onset of Puberty
Fig. 6.1 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and puberty according to [49]. Hypothalamic GnRH neurons receive trans-synaptic inhibitory and excitatory inputs that modulate the pulsatile release of GnRH. This neuropeptide drives the…
Premature Ovarian Failure in Adolescence and Young Adults: From Diagnosis to Therapy and Follow-up for Fertility Preservation
Primary POF Genetic aberrations X-linked (monosomy, trisomy, deletions, translocations, fragile X) Autosomal dominant (FSH receptor gene polymorphism, inhibin B mutation, etc.) Enzyme deficiency Metabolic Autoimmune disease Secondary POF Surgical Bilateral…
Emergency Contraception
Odds ratio [95 % CI] P value Cycle day of intercoursea 4.4 [2.3–8.2] P < 0.0001 Further UPIa 4.6 [2.2–9.0] P < 0.0002 BMI Obese vs. normal 3.6 [1.96–6.53]…
The Long-Term Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Amenorrhea
© International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology 2017Charles Sultan and Andrea R. Genazzani (eds.)Frontiers in Gynecological EndocrinologyISGE Series10.1007/978-3-319-41433-1_10 10. The Long-Term Cardiovascular Risks Associated with Amenorrhea Tommaso Simoncini1 , Andrea Giannini1 and Andrea R. Genazzani1 (1) Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology,…
