Breast Cancer Epidemiology
Fig. 3.1 Number of new cases and deaths per 100,00 women in the USA (Source: National Cancer Institute [7]) Data from the Global Burden of Cancer Study (GLOBOCAN) suggests that approximately…
Breast Cancer in Special Groups: Young Women with Early Breast Cancer
Gene Penetrance Risk category References Breast genes ATM Moderate Higher than general population Easton DF BARD1 Moderate Higher than general population Couch FJ CDH1 High High Pharoah PD CHEK2 Moderate…
Breast Surgery after Primary Systemic Treatment
Fig. 21.1 Pre- and post-NACT MRI showing a complete clinical response Fig. 21.2 a Clip placed in the centre of the original tumour bed and b needle localization of the clip Fig. 21.3…
Bone Health in Patients with Breast Cancer
Fig. 60.1 Screenshot of FRAX assessment tool (© Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield, UK. Used with permission from the University of Sheffield) 60.1.2 How Bone Health Is Monitored…
Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy
Study Patient population Treatment Results NATO (N = 605) [64] Nodal positive, premenopausal; nodal positive or negative, postmenopausal T × 2 years (N = 300) vs. No treatment (N = 305) Better PFS and OS with T…
The Role of Surgery to the Primary Cancer in Stage IV Disease
Fig. 55.1 Forest plot of meta-analysis by Petrelli and Barni, including 15 retrospective studies that examined the association between primary site local therapy and survival in de novo stage IV…
Local Therapies for Liver Metastases from Breast Cancer
Fig. 52.1 a Contrast CT demonstrating solitary liver lesion in the right hemi-liver detected on routine CT scan 4 years after lumpectomy for breast cancer. b Positron emission topography scan of…
Immediate Reconstruction: General and Oncological Considerations
Fig. 27.1 Right nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate reconstruction with latissimus dorsi and implant with post-operative radiotherapy – capsular contracture Fig. 27.2 Right immediate TRAM flap reconstruction with post-operative radiotherapy According to the current…
Hereditary Breast Cancer Genetics and Risk Prediction Techniques
Variant class Pathogenicity 1 Pathogenic 2 Likely pathogenic 3 Uncertain significance 4 Likely benign 5 Benign Mutations may be described as either constitutional or somatic. Constitutional mutations are also known…
Primary Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer
Pro Contra In vivo sensitivity testing Fear of patients to leave the tumour in place Strong prognostic value of pCR Discrepancy in grading for core biopsy and definite specimen: risk…
