Abstract Over the past several decades, the widespread adoption of mammographic screening has had a significant impact on the incidence, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of all breast diseases. These changes…

Abstract Organization, more than 20 morphologic subtypes of breast cancer have been recognized. By gene expression, invasive breast cancer is classified into at least four major subtypes; luminal A, luminal…

Abstract We review the evidence that proliferative breast disease increases the risk of breast cancer. Results from six cohorts give consistent estimates of these risks. The combined estimate of the…

Abstract Nipple discharge is a common breast symptom that warrants evaluation. Although most discharges are due to benign conditions, discharge may be due to an underlying malignancy. This chapter reviews…

Abstract Only approximately 10% of breast cancers are caused by identifiable mutations in major breast cancer susceptibility genes. Nevertheless, for families affected by these mutations, genetic testing is a powerful…

Abstract This chapter reviews 20 years of randomized, prospective clinical research on the use of selective hormone receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors for the reduction of breast cancer risk in…

Abstract Molecular genomic testing provides clinicians with prognostic and predictive information that can help individualize treatment, decrease the risk of over- or under-treatment, and, accordingly, improve outcomes. In this chapter,…

Abstract Paget disease (PD) is defined as the presence of neoplastic cells of glandular differentiation, interspersed between keratinocytes of nipple epidermis, and constitutes approximately 1% of breast cancer cases. More…

Abstract Multiple studies provide estimates of the risk of breast cancer for women. Dense breasts on mammography or having first-degree relatives with breast cancer are associated with at least a…