Application of Chromosomal Microarray
Fig. 7.1 Overview of copy number and SNP microarray methodology. This figure summarizes the “wet lab” (a) and the analytic (b) tasks associated with DNA copy number and SNP microarray…
ONCOLOGY
Gynecologic Tumors
Gene/protein Function Alteration Type 1 (%) Type 2 (%) MSI OG Hypermethylation 20–45 11 ERBB2 (HER2) OG Amplification 10–30 18–80 PTEN TSG Inactivation 83 11 PIK3CA OG Mutation 26–36 5…
Molecular Methodologies
Fig. 5.1 Sanger sequencing traces (a) using the Forward primer, and (b) the Reverse primer. The position of the variant is indicated with an arrow In addition, the limit of…
Genitourinary System Tumors
Fig. 14.1 Triple immunostain cocktail of a prostate biopsy. In the definitely benign prostate acini (top), a layer of basal cells is stained brown, representing reactivity for cytokeratin 34βE12, a…
Coding and Reimbursement
Fig 21.1 Successful reimbursement depends on accurate coding of the service, insurance coverage of the service, and adequate pricing of the service The standard for coding medical services in the…
Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Solid Tumor Molecular Genetic Testing
Activity type Considerations Reagent preparation 1. Perform in cleanest environment 2. Store working stock solutions in single-use aliquots 3. Quality control each new set of reagents before use in clinical…
Molecular Biology Basics in the “Omics” Era: Genes to Proteins
Fig. 1.1 Structure of elements comprising the eukaryote protein coding (mRNA) gene. Modified from [40]. Used under creative commons attribution license DNA Encoding Messenger RNA, Enhancers, and snRNA The eukaryotic…
Thyroid and Parathyroid Tumors
Tumor type Prevalence (%) Papillary carcinoma BRAF 40–45 RET/PTC 10–20 RAS 10–20 TRK <5 Follicular carcinoma RAS 40–50 PAX8-PPARγ (PAX8-PPARG) 30–35 PIK3CA <10 PTEN <10 Poorly differentiated carcinoma RAS 20–40…
Pathologists’ Roles in Molecular Oncology Testing of Solid Tumors
Fig. 4.1 (40× and 200×) Specimens with predominantly tumor and minimal non tumor diluting cells. This is still not 100 % tumor as there are still non tumor nucleated cells…
Image-Guided Radiotherapy with Machine Learning
Fig. 9.1 Illustration of image-guided radiotherapy. Red contours indicate the prostates Many methods have been proposed to address this paramount yet compelling segmentation problem. For example, Freedman et al. [10]…
