Fig. 1 Structure of a spherical nucleic acid (SNA)—gold nanoparticle conjugate. (Reproduced with permission from [8]) 2.1 Synthesis of SNAs We will first describe how these constructs are synthesized. SNAs can…

Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of the major cellular and noncellular components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The EPR effect facilitates nanoparticle (NP) accumulation. However, high interstitial fluidic pressure (IFP), pericyte coverage,…

Fig. 1 Different mechanisms of intracellular action of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). a Mechanism of action for ASOs, which bind complementary mRNA and cause inhibition of translation…

Fig. 1 a Surfactant-free synthesis of NMOFs [27]. b, c Representative SEM images of NMOFs synthesized by nanoprecipitation (b) [48] and solvothermal method (c) [31]. Reprinted with permission from [27]. Copyright…

Fig. 1 a–d Nanodiamond surfaces possess versatile chemical–physical properties that can mediate potent drug binding and marked improvements in MRI contrast efficiency levels. Reprinted with permission from Nature Publishing Group Furthermore,…

Phase Year initiated Description Cancer indication ClinicalTrials.gov identifier 0 2014 Silica imaging nanoparticle Head and neck, melanoma, prostate, cervical, uterine NCT02106598 0 2014 Magnetic nanoparticle thermoablation Prostate NCT02033447 0 2013…

Fig. 1 Schematic drawing of radiocatalysis by nanoparticles. Exposure of nanoparticles to ionizing radiation (e.g. X-rays) causes Compton and Photoelectric effects—photoelectrons and Auger electrons (e−) are ejected from the nanoparticles as…

Fig. 1 Illustration of the EPR effect depicting the discontinuous epithelium lining blood vessel walls of a tumor with concurrent poor lymphatic drainage compared to normal tissue. Nanoparticles can passively accumulate…

Modality Signal Contrast agent Sensitivity [1] (mol label) Resolution [1] Tissue penetration Risk Primarily morphological/anatomical imaging modalities MRI Magnetic fields Gadolinium, iron oxide nanoparticles 10−9–10−6 50 µm Unlimited Harmless CT X-rays…

Fig. 1 Schematic of some of the mechanisms of endocytosis that have so far been elucidated. The focus in this chapter will be on clathrin-mediated, caveolar-type, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis mechanisms. Adapted…