Year The number of blood transfusion donor The number of HTLV-1 carrier % 1999 98,644 2,751 2.79 2000 91,456 1,368 1.50 2001 92,281 1,048 1.14 2002 89,458 827 0.92 2003…
Incidence (%) Type of organ Children Adults or all Liver 4–15 1.6–5 Kidney 1–10 0.5–1 Heart–lung 6–20 1.9–10 Intestine 12 – Bone marrow or stem cells – 0.5–8 Gulley…
Fig. 1 Differentiation-dependent HPV Life Cycle. The HPV life cycle is intimately associated with the differentiation program of epithelial cells. HPV infects actively dividing cells in basal layer of the epithelium…
Fig. 1 Natural history of HCV infection. Adapted from Alter et al. (1995) HCV belongs to the genus Hepacivirus in the Flaviviridae family (Forns and Bukh 1999). It has a single-stranded…
Virus World Less developed More developed HPV 600,000 520,000 80,000 HBV 380,000 330,000 44,000 HCV 220,000 190,000 37,000 EBV 110,000 96,000 16,000 KSHV 43,000 39,000 4,000 HTLV 2,100 660 1,500…
Fig. 1 The figure illustrates different stages of the development of inflammation-associated cancer, the corresponding host’s immune defense mechanisms involved in tumor prevention and applicable interventions to prevent or treat cancer…
Figure 1.1 Distribution of gliomas based on histologic subtype in the USA. Glioblastoma multiforme accounts for the majority of gliomas (54.5%). Astrocytomas of all grades, including glioblastoma multiforme, account for…
Figure 6.1 Diffuse astrocytoma. (a) Axial FLAIR image shows an infiltrative mass with poorly defined margins spreading across the corpus callosum. (b) Axial postcontrast T1-weighted image shows no enhancement. Figure…
Figure 5.1 Mechanisms of glioma-media immunosuppression. Glioma cells produce immunosuppressive cytokines (interleukin-10 [IL-10] and tumor growth factor-beta [TGF-β]) that downregulate the antitumor activity of T cells and natural killer (NK)…
Figure 7.1 (a) Diffuse astrocytomas are infiltrative tumors with fibrillar cytoplasm and mildly pleomorphic nuclei. (b) The cytoplasm of diffuse astrocytomas is generally immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, though cell borders…
