Early Breast Cancers
Risk factors Relative risk (-fold) Age (≥65 years) >4.0 Genetic factors: BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 >4.0 Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) 7.0–11.0 Family history One first-degree relative 2.0 Two first-degree relatives…
ONCOLOGY
Ovarian and Adnexal Masses
Ovarian Simple cyst Corpus luteum Follicular cyst Benign serous Benign mucinous Complex Endometrioma Dermoid Malignant ovarian tumor Malignant metastatic tumor Malignant tumors Epithelial Germ cell Sex cord Extraovarian Ectopic pregnancy…
Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Primary tumor (T) TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor T1 Tumor ≤5 cm in greatest dimension* T1a Superficial tumor T1b Deep tumor T2 Tumor…
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Fig. 13.1 Proposed progression model for pancreatic cancer. The majority of pancreatic cancer is believed to involve telomere shortening and mutations of the oncogene KRAS occurring in early stages, followed…
Esophageal Cancer
Primary tumor (T)* TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis High-grade dysplasia** T1 Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa T1a Tumor invades…
Rectal Cancer
Fig. 18.1 A 62-year-old woman who presents with a rectal adenocarcinoma involving the sphincter complex. She is not a candidate for sphincter-preserving operation. The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy followed…
Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC)
Fig. 5.1 Inflammatory breast cancer: Note the swollen breast, erythema, skin thickening, and peau d’orange. (Courtesy of Quyen D. Chu, MD, MBA, FACS) Fig. 5.2 (a): Pictures of patients with…
Local Excision of Early-Stage Rectal Cancer
T1N0 No evidence of lymphovascular invasion Well-differentiated to moderately differentiated tumor Tumor < 3 cm in diameter Involved < 30 % circumference of rectal wall Posterior Approach The approach to locally resect rectal cancer…
Adrenal Lesions
Fig. 14.1 A patient with benign bilateral adrenal lesions. He has a symptomatic left adrenal myelolipoma and underwent a left adrenalectomy. The 5 cm asymptomatic lesion on the right side…
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETs)
Clinical presentation Diagnosis Malignant potential Location in the pancreas Localization studies Insulinoma Symptoms of hypoglycemia Whipple’s triad Hypoglycemia Fasting glucose <40 mg/dl Symptomatic relief with glucose Glucose <45 mg/dl (no sulfonylurea)…
