Fig. 6.1 Prostate cancer patient with increased PSA level after radical prostatectomy. (a) 99mTc-MDP planar whole-body bone scan in anterior (left) and posterior (right) views shows multiple increasing tracer uptakes…

Fig. 8.1 Physiopathological processes correlate with the entrance of FDG in the prostatic cancer cell. DHT dihydrotestosterone, AR androgen receptors, TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle 8.2 Comparative Diagnostic Accuracy among Imaging…

Syndrome Pain Cranial nerve involved Orbital Retro-supraorbital II visual loss III, IV, VI diplopia V frontal sensory loss Cavernous sinus Supraorbital frontal III, IV, VI diplopia V sensory loss Middle…

Therapy Mechanism of action Side effects LH-RH agonists (buserelin, goserelin, leuprolide, and triptorelin) Downregulation of LH-RH receptor Flushes, weight increase, impotence, loss of libido, fatigue, decreased muscle mass, osteoporosis, anemia,…

Fig. 3.1 Bone metastasis of high-grade prostate cancer Fig. 3.2 Bone metastasis of prostate cancer. The neoplastic cells are immunostained with antibody against prostein Understanding the mechanisms by which PCa…

Fig 15.1 Mechanism of action of bisphosphonate, denosumab, and anti-androgen on the bone metastases “vicious cycle.” OCLs osteoclasts, OBLs osteoblasts The efficacy of bisphosphonate treatment on patients with bone metastatic…

Fig. 2.1 Bone turnover is usually very high in prostate cancer (PC) patients for many reasons (aging, vitamin D deficiency, androgen deprivation therapy, or abiraterone or enzalutamide, cytokines released from…

Fig. 14.1 Treatment delivery using portal imaging with digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) (a) and cone beam CT (b) to improve target visibility Fig. 14.2 Comparison between conventional planning with 3D-CRT…