Cushing’s Syndrome
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to elevated levels of endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoids. This can be caused by taking glucocorticoid…
ONCOLOGY
Intraoperative Neuromonitoring of Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen There has been a significant steady increase in the number of thyroid surgeries performed annually in the United States,1 escalating existing pressures to maintain a low…
Insulinoma
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Insulinomas are relatively rare tumors of the endocrine pancreas that cause debilitating and even life-threatening symptoms. Although insulinomas are rare, with an incidence of approximately 4…
Non-MEN Thyroid Cancer Syndromes
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Thyroid malignancies are classified on the basis of the origin of cells into medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), which originates from the parafollicular cells, and nonmedullary thyroid…
Thyroid Lymphoma
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Lymphoma, though primarily a neoplasm of leukocytes, can involve extranodal, nonlymphoid tissue including the thyroid. When the thyroid is involved by widely disseminated lymphoma, the surgeon…
Pheochromocytoma
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Pheochromocytomas (PCCs) and paragangliomas (PGLs) arise from chromafin cells originating in the neural crest, and can develop in any location containing sympathetic or parasympathetic tissue. Although…
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen It was not until the 19th century that Billroth, Kocher, Halsted, and others refined the thyroidectomy operation into a standard treatment for thyroid cancer with advancements…
Adrenocortical Cancer
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but often aggressive endocrine malignancy that may present with symptoms of hormone secretion, as a symptomatic nonfunctional abdominal mass, or…
Hürthle Cell Carcinoma
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Hürthle cell carcinoma is a rare subtype of well-differentiated thyroid cancer representing 3% to 4% of all thyroid malignancies.1 First described by Max Askanazy in 1898…
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma
BACKGROUND Print Section Listen Historically, practice guidelines and various medical resources have combined follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) as if they were a single entity of…
