Fig. 8.1 Effects of hyperprolactinemia on the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis Another mechanism to explain the suppression of gonadal function in men with prolactinoma is a direct tumor mass effect on gonadotrophs. Large…
Study N M/F Inclusion criteria Intervention Co-intervention Tx Dur Wks Resp Muscle Strength Oxy Pa02 Exercise Capacity (6MWT) Body composition Total Muscle Fat Ferreira (1998)* 23 BMI < 20 PImax < 60% T 250 mg…
Method Dose Timing of use after unprotected intercourse (better to use as soon as possible) Reported efficacy Levonorgestrel 0.75 mg given twice, 12 h apart or 1.5 mg given as…
Fig. 11.1 The sequence of events during puberty in girls. Breast bud appearance is usually before pubic hair growth; in the meantime growth velocity increases reaching the peak at Stage…
Fig. 2.1 Clinical orientation for DSD In some cases, the external genitalia are “ambiguous” and are associated with: A genital bud that is midway between a penis and a clitoris…
Fig. 5.1 Adrenal steroid biosynthesis The mechanism of adrenarche onset remains unknown, although the implication of leptin, IGF1, and ACTH has been conjectured. In addition, MC-2 receptor, CYP19, IGF1, and…
Fig. 1.1 Brain sexual differentiation is a multisignaling process presenting sex steroids as key modulators in different steps The so called “neurosteroids” influence the neurobiology of sexual function acting by…
Pubertal stage Age (years) Breast buds (B2) 10.1 Sparse pubic hair growth (P2) 11.2 Darker, coarser pubic hair growth (P3) 12.2 Growth spurt 12.2 Menarche 12.7 Adult pubic hair in…
Fig. 6.1 Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and puberty according to [49]. Hypothalamic GnRH neurons receive trans-synaptic inhibitory and excitatory inputs that modulate the pulsatile release of GnRH. This neuropeptide drives the…
Primary POF Genetic aberrations X-linked (monosomy, trisomy, deletions, translocations, fragile X) Autosomal dominant (FSH receptor gene polymorphism, inhibin B mutation, etc.) Enzyme deficiency Metabolic Autoimmune disease Secondary POF Surgical Bilateral…
