PATHOGENESIS OF GRAVES DISEASE Part of “CHAPTER 42 – HYPERTHYROIDISM“ Graves disease is associated with TSH receptor antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland.1,2,3,4,5 and 6 In most patients, the population…

HYPERTHYROIDISM Kenneth D. Burman Of the several varieties of hyperthyroidism, one of the most common is Graves disease. Graves disease is an autoimmune disease in which thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor…

CONCLUSION Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“

METASTATIC CANCERS IN THE THYROID Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“ Clinically evident metastases to the thyroid are rare occurrences. They generally present as typical solitary thyroid nodules…

THYROID LYMPHOMA Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“ Classically, primary thyroid lymphomas occur in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and are usually non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas. Lymphomas include the “small…

THYROID TERATOMA Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“

THYROID SARCOMAS Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“ True sarcomas of the thyroid are quite rare and must be differentiated from anaplastic cancers with sarcomatoid features. Careful analysis…

MIXED MEDULLARY-FOLLICULAR AND MEDULLARY-PAPILLARY CARCINOMA Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“ Rarely, thyroid cancers may display features of both medullary and follicular carcinoma.42 These tumors are distinct from…

MUCOEPIDERMOID CARCINOMA Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“

SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID Part of “CHAPTER 41 – UNUSUAL THYROID CANCERS“ Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid is defined by the WHO classification as a tumor…