SURGICAL APPROACH TO THYROID NODULES Part of “CHAPTER 44 – SURGERY OF THE THYROID GLAND“ NON-IRRADIATED PATIENTS Fine-needle aspiration with cytologic examination is heavily relied on when choosing patients for…

HYPERTHYROIDISM Part of “CHAPTER 44 – SURGERY OF THE THYROID GLAND“ A number of different regimens are available for the preoperative preparation of patients with thyrotoxicosis; for example, iodine alone;…

HYPOTHYROIDISM Part of “CHAPTER 44 – SURGERY OF THE THYROID GLAND“

PREPARATION FOR SURGERY Part of “CHAPTER 44 – SURGERY OF THE THYROID GLAND“

SURGERY OF THE THYROID GLAND Edwin L. Kaplan The modern era of thyroid surgery began in the 1860s with the work of Billroth and colleagues.1 Operative techniques and results were…

TREATMENT Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ Treatment of the eye changes of Graves disease is primarily palliative. The patient should be reassured that the ophthalmopathy is usually self-limited….

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ When exophthalmos occurs bilaterally and is accompanied by retraction of the upper lid, with lid lag and limitation of upward gaze,…

PHYSICAL EXAMINATION AND MENSURATION Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ The purpose of physical examination and mensuration in orbital disease initially is to establish the position of the eyes…

COMPLICATIONS Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“

CLINICAL COURSE Part of “CHAPTER 43 – ENDOCRINE OPHTHALMOPATHY“ Retraction of the upper eyelids is the most important clinical clue and produces a triad that is nearly pathognomonic of endocrine…