MORPHOLOGY OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS Virginia A. Livolsi EMBRYOLOGY ANATOMY GROSS ANATOMY HISTOLOGY

THYROID CANCER Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ Carcinoma of the thyroid gland in pediatric patients is rare.33 Its incidence has increased since 1951, when…

EVALUATION OF THE THYROID NODULE Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ Single or multiple nodules of the thyroid gland are an uncommon finding in pediatric…

GOITERS Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ Goiter in the pediatric patient is not rare. The incidence in school-age children and adolescents is between 3.9%…

NEONATAL GRAVES DISEASE AND FETAL THYROTOXICOSIS Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ Neonatal Graves disease is a rare condition in neonates born to mothers with…

HYPOTHYROIDISM IN THE NEONATE AND CHILD Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ ETIOLOGY The causes of pediatric hypothyroidism are listed in Table 47-3. Because most…

HYPERTHYROIDISM IN THE CHILD Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ The various types of hyperthyroidism seen in pediatric patients are congenital (neonatal Graves disease and…

PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES IN THYROID FUNCTION TESTS Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ The proper interpretation of serum TSH, T4, triiodothyronine (T3), reverse T3, T3 uptake,…

HYPOTHALAMIC–PITUITARY–THYROID INTERRELATIONSHIPS Part of “CHAPTER 47 – THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD“ In the human fetus, the period of maturation of thyroid function extends throughout gestation and into the…

THYROID DISORDERS OF INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD Wellington Hung Thyroid hormones are important for the general growth and development of the infant and child, particularly in the differentiation and function of…