Clinical diagnosis: Fragility fracture long bones
Learning objectives • A fragility fracture, per se, is diagnostic of osteoporosis and increases the risk of further fractures. • The impact of hazardous environments leading to falls and fractures….
ENDOCRINOLOGY
Management of diabetic foot disease
1 Introduction Diabetic foot disease (DFD) can present as diabetic neuropathy (DN), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA), diabetic foot ulcer, and osteomyelitis, also known as the diabetic foot…
Diabetic eye disease: novel therapeutic strategies
1 Introduction Among the most remarkable advances in ophthalmology over the last decades has been the discovery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for the treatment of different retinal…
Heart failure in diabetes: Current clinical management
1 Epidemiology An estimated 64.3 million people are living with heart failure worldwide. In developed countries, the prevalence of known heart failure is generally estimated at 1%–2% of the general…
Prevention and management of chronic kidney disease in diabetes
1 Chronic kidney disease is a common complication in diabetes It is estimated that approximately 40% of individuals with diabetes will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) during the course of…
Role of glycemic legacy and glycemic variability in the development and progression of complications of diabetes
This chapter summarizes mechanisms and phenotypes behind the multifaceted negative effects of impaired glucose control on microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. 1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide…
Cancer in diabetes: Who is who?
1 Introduction Epidemiological evidence supports an association between diabetes and cancer and raises a number of questions related to this issue such as (i) Is this a positive or negative…
Diabetes-related cognitive impairment and dementia
1 Introduction Evidence is accumulating that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, and numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that T2D patients have a significantly higher…
The diabetic lung
1 Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a challenging epidemic disease affecting 12% of the middle-aged population [ ]. Its global incidence is increasing rapidly and dramatically, driven by…
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: What comes before and what are the consequences?
1 Definitions Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined by the presence of hepatic steatosis by imaging or histology, in the absence of secondary causes of hepatic fat accumulation […
