SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF HYPERCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 59 – NONPARATHYROID HYPERCALCEMIA“ Hypercalcemia, through its effect on cellular sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase, leads to hyperpolarization of cell membranes. This hyperpolarization or…
NONPARATHYROID HYPERCALCEMIA Andrew F. Stewart Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia among nonhospitalized patients (see Chap. 58). This chapter focuses on nonparathyroid causes of hypercalcemia, the most…
FAMILIAL HYPOCALCIURIC HYPERCALCEMIA Part of “CHAPTER 58 – PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM“ FHH is a benign disorder associated with hypercalcemia.113 Differentiating individuals with FHH from those with primary hyperparathyroidism is extremely difficult….
PARATHYROID CARCINOMA Part of “CHAPTER 58 – PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM“ Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare form of primary hyperparathyroidism.108,109 These patients often have hypercalcemia that is more severe than that usually…
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM DURING PREGNANCY Part of “CHAPTER 58 – PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM“ Rarely, primary hyperparathyroidism becomes evident during pregnancy.104 Hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy used to be associated with an increased incidence of…
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Part of “CHAPTER 58 – PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM“ The differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia is covered in Chapter 59, but several points are particularly relevant to the discussion of primary…
LABORATORY EVALUATION Part of “CHAPTER 58 – PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM“ The diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism depends on laboratory tests. The serum calcium concentration is virtually always elevated. The serum phosphorus value…
CLINICAL PRESENTATION Part of “CHAPTER 58 – PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM“ Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism may present with one of several clinical pictures: asymptomatic hypercalcemia; bone or stone disease; other recognized complications,…
