Learning objectives • Osteoporosis is a silent, asymptomatic disease until a fracture is sustained. • Fragility fractures are diagnostic of osteoporosis, regardless of densitometric findings, but after excluding localized bone…
Learning objectives • A fragility fracture, per se, is diagnostic of osteoporosis and increases the risk of further fractures. • The impact of hazardous environments leading to falls and fractures….
1 Introduction Diabetic foot disease (DFD) can present as diabetic neuropathy (DN), peripheral arterial disease (PAD), Charcot neuroarthropathy (CNA), diabetic foot ulcer, and osteomyelitis, also known as the diabetic foot…
1 Introduction Among the most remarkable advances in ophthalmology over the last decades has been the discovery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors for the treatment of different retinal…
1 Epidemiology An estimated 64.3 million people are living with heart failure worldwide. In developed countries, the prevalence of known heart failure is generally estimated at 1%–2% of the general…
1 Chronic kidney disease is a common complication in diabetes It is estimated that approximately 40% of individuals with diabetes will develop chronic kidney disease (CKD) during the course of…
This chapter summarizes mechanisms and phenotypes behind the multifaceted negative effects of impaired glucose control on microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. 1 Introduction Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide…
1 Introduction Epidemiological evidence supports an association between diabetes and cancer and raises a number of questions related to this issue such as (i) Is this a positive or negative…
1 Introduction Evidence is accumulating that type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with cognitive impairment and dementia, and numerous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that T2D patients have a significantly higher…
1 Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a challenging epidemic disease affecting 12% of the middle-aged population [ ]. Its global incidence is increasing rapidly and dramatically, driven by…
