Introduction The treatment of breast cancer has changed dramatically over the last generation. Treatment has gone from surgery only to complex interactions with surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, and others….
Summary of key facts • SARS-CoV-2 was initially detected in December 2019 and is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus causing an extremely contagious severe respiratory illness with a high rate…
Summary of key facts • Immuno-oncology (IO) is one of the fastest-growing therapeutic areas within oncology. • IO agents work indirectly via the host’s adaptive and innate immune systems to…
Summary of key facts • Immune checkpoints are molecular pathways that blunt the antitumor immune response via limiting the creation of cytotoxic T cells and triggering exhaustion of tumor-reactive immune…
Summary of key facts • The human microbiota is composed of bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeast, protozoa, and archaea. Because of its commensal relationship with the host, it is identified as…
Summary of key facts • Cancer vaccines represent a promising strategy to activate immunity in cold tumors. • The complexity and heterogeneity of human tumors remains a challenge to developing…
Summary of key facts • The concept of tumor immunosurveillance can be traced back to the early 1900s in association with observations that a potentially overwhelming frequency of carcinomas must…
Summary of key facts • The natural history of a human malignancy and its relationship to the host immune system has been described as comprising the “three Es”: elimination, equilibrium,…
Summary of key facts • Receptors of adaptive immune cells and the ensuing signaling networks are exquisitely specific and sensitive to new or altered antigens and thus poised to respond…
Summary of key facts • Professor Paul Ehrlich is credited with introducing the concept of cancers as non-self and proposing the concept of tumor immune surveillance in 1909. • Evidence…
