REGULATION OF WATER HOMEOSTASIS Print Section Listen Maintenance of the tonicity of extracellular fluids within a very narrow range is crucial for proper cell function because extracellular osmolality regulates cell…
DEFINITIONS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY Print Section Listen The nomenclature, Disorders of Sex Development (DSDs), replaces the term “intersex,”1,2 to encompass various congenital conditions in which there is inconsistency between chromosomal, gonadal,…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen The transition from intrauterine to extrauterine life requires prompt adaptations to maintain glucose homeostasis. Increased rates of glucose utilization in infants and children compared to adults…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen There are broad principles and concepts in endocrinology that the reader must understand. Familiarity with concepts such as negative feedback loops, hormone-receptor function, and hormone replacement…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Enteric hormones orchestrate appetite, food-seeking behaviors, intake, physical and chemical digestion, and the absorption of the nutrients, intricately linking the brain, the intestines, and multiple endocrine…
Pathogenesis Print Section Listen Lymphedema is caused when protein-rich fluid accumulates in the interstitium due to impaired function of lymphatic tissues. Proteins and other macromolecular wastes with water constitute lymphatic…
Immediate Repair of Partial Mastectomy Defects Using Perforator Flaps: Introduction Print Section Listen The reconstructive approach to breast defects is challenging, as the resultant glandular tissue deficiency not only needs…
Disparities in Breast Cancer: Introduction Print Section Listen Breast cancer is the most common female malignancy in the United States and worldwide. The World Health Organization estimates that more than…
Diet and Exercise in Breast Cancer Survivorship: Introduction Print Section Listen Accumulating evidence suggests that lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity and dietary patterns may impact breast cancer prognosis. Observational…
Surgical Complications and Management: Introduction Print Section Listen The complication rates following surgery of the breast and axilla are considered low. The mortality after these procedures is less than 1%;…
