Diabetic Ketoacidosis INTRODUCTION Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by an absolute or relative insulin deficiency resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. DKA is…
Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid orbitopathy and Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune-driven process that results in pathologic changes of the extraocular muscles, orbital fat, and surrounding…
Introduction Amiodarone is a benzofuranic acid with potent antiarrhythmic properties that contains iodine amounting to 37% of its weight. Thus a 200-mg tablet (typical maintenance daily dose) provides approximately 70…
Introduction Thyroid hormone excess, also known as thyrotoxicosis, encompasses a wide range of signs and symptoms. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism may have semantic distinctions but are often used interchangeably. Patients with…
Autonomic neuropathy Diabetes, like aging, precipitates a cascade of secondary symptoms: sleep and GI disturbance, dizziness or lightheadedness, secondary hypertension, urogenital dysfunction, higher risk of cardiovascular disease, and more. This…
Introduction The unrelenting increase in the global prevalence in diabetes mellitus has meant that the burden of its associated complications is expected to increase significantly over the next few decades….
Autonomic neuropathy A brief history Autonomic Neuropathy is well established as a “crystal ball” for morbidity and mortality risks in patients diagnosed with Diabetes . Unfortunately, Autonomic Neuropathy is poorly…
Introduction In diabetic neuropathy (DN), symptoms and signs depend on the severity of impairment of sensory, autonomic, and motor nerves, clinically presenting in a symmetrical or asymmetrical pattern . In…
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) affects about 50% of the diabetes population and an effective treatment has eluded investigators for decades in spite of repeated successful discoveries in…
Background Chronic diseases are the main cause of mortality and morbidity among older people. In fact, it is estimated that 80% of the older population has at least one chronic…
