Introduction Calcium is an essential cofactor for numerous enzymatic reactions and is an essential cation for muscle function. Hypocalcemia is a major, potentially life-threatening complication following thyroid and parathyroid surgery….
Introduction Calcium, the most abundant mineral in the human body, has an essential role in many cellular processes such as enzymatic reactions and neuromuscular functions. It is also one of…
Introduction Vocal cord paralysis (VCP) is one of the most important complications of thyroid surgery because hoarseness, shortened phonation time, and aspiration derived from VCP significantly reduce the quality of…
Introduction The thyroid gland can be affected with benign and malignant diseases that will require thyroid surgery. About 150,000 thyroidectomies are performed each year in the United States. This common…
Introduction Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) is considered a neurologic and endocrine emergency. It is a rare, potentially fatal complication of thyrotoxicosis, and is characterized by a variable degree of hypokalemia…
Background Acute suppurative thyroiditis (AST) is a rare condition with an incidence of 0.1% to 0.7 % among all thyroid disease. As the thyroid gland is resistant to infection due…
Introduction Myxedema coma is an important endocrine emergency caused by untreated or prolonged hypothyroidism that culminates in a comatose state. It is seen more commonly in elderly women during the…
Introduction Adrenal crisis is the most severe manifestation of adrenal insufficiency (AI); it can be the first manifestation of AI or can occur in patients already established on glucocorticoid therapy….
Diabetic Ketoacidosis INTRODUCTION Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by an absolute or relative insulin deficiency resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. DKA is…
Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid orbitopathy and Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an autoimmune-driven process that results in pathologic changes of the extraocular muscles, orbital fat, and surrounding…
