Introduction The human body maintains homeostasis via multiple regulatory systems that exert tight control over every organ system, with continuous regulation via negative feedback mechanisms. These systems often have overlapping…
Background Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH) in pregnancy affects less than 0.5% of pregnant women. Prior to the advent of antithyroid drugs (ATDs) in the 1940s, GH perinatal mortality was as high…
Thyroid Storm Thyroid storm is a rare but life-threatening endocrine emergency occurring in 1% to 2% of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. It typically has an acute onset and is associated…
Introduction Pituitary apoplexy is the potentially life-threatening hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland leading to significant neurologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, and endocrine deficiencies. The classic triad of symptoms includes severe headache,…
Introduction Hypothalamic stimulatory and inhibitory hormones traverse the hypophyseal-portal circulation to target specific cells of the pituitary gland. The pituitary cells synthesize and secrete trophic hormones, which target organs to…
Funding . The work was supported by the Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health. Disclosure Statement: Dr….
Introduction Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration ([Na + ]) less than 135 mEq/L, represents a relative excess of body water relative to body sodium content. The reported prevalence…
Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare malignancy arising throughout the aerodigestive tract. These tumors have recently been recognized to be increasing in incidence, reaching 6.98 per 100,000 per year….
Overview The neuroendocrine component of the pancreas comprises highly specialized and tightly regulated cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of specific peptide hormones. These cells are situated together within…
Incidence, Clinical Significance, and Diagnosis Pheochromocytoma is defined as a tumor arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla that produces catecholamines: norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. The incidence of…
