Endocrine Emergencies in Obstetrics
Thyroid Storm Thyroid storm is a rare but life-threatening endocrine emergency occurring in 1% to 2% of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism. It typically has an acute onset and is associated…
Pituitary Apoplexy
Introduction Pituitary apoplexy is the potentially life-threatening hemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland leading to significant neurologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, and endocrine deficiencies. The classic triad of symptoms includes severe headache,…
Hypopituitarism
Introduction Hypothalamic stimulatory and inhibitory hormones traverse the hypophyseal-portal circulation to target specific cells of the pituitary gland. The pituitary cells synthesize and secrete trophic hormones, which target organs to…
Diabetes Insipidus and Acute Hypernatremia
Funding . The work was supported by the Intramural Research Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health. Disclosure Statement: Dr….
Postsurgical and Posttraumatic Hyponatremia
Introduction Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration ([Na + ]) less than 135 mEq/L, represents a relative excess of body water relative to body sodium content. The reported prevalence…
Carcinoid Syndrome and Carcinoid Crisis
Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare malignancy arising throughout the aerodigestive tract. These tumors have recently been recognized to be increasing in incidence, reaching 6.98 per 100,000 per year….
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Emergencies in the Adult (Gastrinoma, Insulinoma, Glucagonoma, VIPoma, Somatostatinoma, and PPoma/Nonfunctional Tumors)
Overview The neuroendocrine component of the pancreas comprises highly specialized and tightly regulated cells responsible for the synthesis and secretion of specific peptide hormones. These cells are situated together within…
Pheochromocytoma: Perioperative and Intraoperative Management
Incidence, Clinical Significance, and Diagnosis Pheochromocytoma is defined as a tumor arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla that produces catecholamines: norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine. The incidence of…
Acute Adrenal Hypertensive Emergencies: Pheochromocytoma, Cushing’s, Hyperaldosteronism
Introduction Hypertensive emergency is defined as a rapid and significant elevation of blood pressure with systolic blood pressure greater than 180 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood pressure greater than 120…
Radioactive Iodine (131I) Thyroid Ablation and the Salivary Glands
Introduction Thyroid cancer, the most common endocrine malignancy, has a worldwide prevalence that continues to increase. It is estimated that 52,000 new cases were reported in the United States in…
