Falls—Part I—Endogenous causes
Learning objectives • Recognize endogenous causes of repeated falls. • Alcohol and over-the-counter medications that increase the fall risk. The case study Reason for seeking medical help • AB was…
Falls—Part II—Environmental hazards
Learning objectives • Recognize common environmental hazards increasing the risk of falls. • Identify modifiable risk factors that increase the risk of repeated falls and fractures. The case study Reason…
Calcium and vitamin D disorders: Part III: From hypovitaminosis to hypervitaminosis D
Learning objectives • Signs and symptoms of hypervitaminosis D. • The management of hypervitaminosis D. • Diseases that increase the risk of hypovitaminosis D and hypervitaminosis D. The case study…
Calcium and vitamin D disorders: Part II: Hypovitaminosis D
Learning objectives • Factors modulating vitamin D metabolism. • The diagnosis and management of hypovitaminosis D. The case study Reason for seeking medical help • PDH, a 56-year-old Caucasian woman,…
Calcium and vitamin D disorders. Part I: Mild hypocalcemia
Learning objectives • Symptoms of mild hypocalcemia. • Diagnosis of hypocalcemia, appropriate laboratory studies. • Management of mild hypocalcemia. The case study Reason for seeking medical help About 3 weeks…
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Learning objectives • Appreciate the presentation, diagnosis, and management of primary hyperparathyroidism. • Know the differences between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism. • Recognize the main causes of hypercalcemia. The case…
Low bone mass and osteoporosis in young adults
Learning objectives • The diagnosis of low bone mass in young adults. • Factors affecting peak bone mass. The case study Reason for seeking medical help Mrs. RT, 24 years…
Iatrogenic osteoporosis
Learning objectives • Glucocorticoids induce bone loss, lead to osteoporosis, and increase the patient’s fracture risk. • Glucocorticoid-induced bone loss and increased fracture risk can be reduced. The case study…
Osteoporosis in older adults
Learning objectives • Osteoporosis is also common in very old age. It is often underrecognized, underdiagnosed, and undertreated. • Osteoporosis is less frequent in older men than in women, but…
