Fig. 6.1 Regulation of placental inflammatory response by dietary fatty acids. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids activate TLR4 leading to downstream inflammatory pathways JNK and NF-κB. JNK activates AP-1 transcription…
Fig. 3.1 Under eubiotic environment the intestinal endothelial cells secrete mucins and cytokines, which conditions dendritic cells to promote an antiinflammatory cellular and mediators to dampen effector responses Fig. 3.2…
Fig. 11.1 Hypertension in response to placental ischemia: proceeds via immune activation, CD4+ T-cells mediating the release of angiotensin II type-1 receptor autoantibody (AT1-AA), and inflammatory cytokines that contribute to…
Fig. 9.1 Recommended intakes for pregnant women expressed as percentages of the reference intake values for nonpregnant women. The recommended intakes of iron and folate show great increases of 100…
Prepregnancy BMI (WHO classification) Recommended gestational weight gain (kg) Underweight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) 12.5–18 Normal weight (BMI 18.5–25 kg/m2) 11.5–16 Overweight (BMI 25–30 kg/m2) 7–11.5 Obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) 5–9 Fig. 12.1…
Fig. 7.1 The etiological, hormonal, and obstetric clinical outcomes of PCOS (Modified from Teede et al. [38]) 7.3 PCOS: Infertility and Early Pregnancy Loss The reproductive dysfunction in women with…
BMI (kg/m2) Classification Waist circumference ≥88 cm Waist to hip ratio (WHR) ≥0.85 Recommended weight gain in pregnancy Below 18.5 Underweight – – 28–40 pounds (from 13 to 18 kg)…
Fig. 16.1 Mice subjected to circadian disruption (CD) show statistically significant weight gain starting at 6 weeks. By the 10th week, CD mice weigh significantly more than mice without circadian…
Fig. 14.1 Hormonal changes as a consequence of changing macronutrient composition If dietary carbohydrate content in the diet is too high, this will generate excess in insulin production. If this…
Fig. 2.1 A tentative holistic model of first trimester symptoms and third trimester eating habits Food-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) values may reflect exposure to specific antigens. The immune system does…
