Pharmacology of Glucocorticoids
Fig. 3.1 Chemical structure of hydrocortisone (cortisol) showing the four rings, A through D, along with numbering system for the carbon molecules. Also shown are the important features necessary for…
Primary Aldosteronism: From Genetic Causes to Clinical Guidelines
Fig. 6.1 Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production. (a) The acute actions of Ang II and extracellular potassium (K+) on adrenal glomerulosa cell aldosterone production. Ang II binds type…
Pheochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: Genetics and Pathophysiology
Fig. 8.1 Catecholamine and metanephrine synthesis pathway . PNMT phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase, COMT catechol-O-methyltransferase, MAO monoamine oxidase, VMA vanillylmandelic acid Consequences of Catecholamine Hypersecretion Catecholamines and metanephrines bind to the seven…
Pathophysiology and Genetic Landscape of Adrenocortical Tumors and Hyperplasias
Fig. 7.1 Schematic representation of the cAMP signaling pathway involved in the control of cortisol secretion in primary adrenal Cushing’s syndrome. The binding of ACTH to MC2R leads to dissociation…
Description and Classification of Thyroid Cytology
Fig. 7.1 Benign macrofollicular cluster with uniform, evenly spaced nuclei Fig. 7.2 Benign macrofollicular clusters and pools of colloid from a benign thyroid nodule aspirate Fig. 7.3 Mixture of histiocytes…
Imaging for Thyroid Nodules
Fig. 5.1 Simple thyroid cyst Fig. 5.2 Colloid cystic nodule Another pattern to recognize as a benign nodule is the “spongiform nodule” also described in the literature as honeycomb or…
Nuclear Medicine in Evaluation and Therapy of Nodular Thyroid
Radionuclide Half-life Main emission Radiopharmaceutical Clinical use or relevance to thyroid nodules 123I 13 h Gamma [123I] NaI Scintigraphy and iodine uptake 124I 4 d Gamma and positron [124I] NaI…
Thyroid Nodules in Children
Syndrome Gene Chromosomal location Inheritance Type of cancer Other features Isolated FMTC [151] RET 10q11.2 AD MTC MEN2A [151] RET 10q11.2 AD MTC Pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism MEN2B [151] RET 10q11.2 AD…
Thyroid Incidentalomas
Fig. 11.1 Incidentally discovered thyroid nodule of the right thyroid gland during carotid Doppler ultrasonography Older studies report that neck US detects incidentalomas with a prevalence of 10–30% [23–25]. However,…
Minimally Invasive Treatments for Thyroid Nodules
Fig. 13.1 Percutaneous ethanol injection. (a) US scan of the left thyroid lobe. The presence of a large thyroid cyst, relapsing after a former percutaneous drainage. Benign cytology. (b) Thyroid…
