Fig. 2.1 Example of a PTEN loss of expression validating a PTEN genomic loss. (a) Immunolabeling of PTEN protein (clone A2B1, Zymed® laboratories, CA, USA). The metastatic cells are PTEN…
Fig. 1.1 Current way of developing anticancer drugs Since recently, advances in high-throughput technologies have allowed depicting most druggable molecular alterations for an affordable cost in a time frame compatible…
Fig. 7.1 Variant validation steps 7.2 Technical Validation of the Variant The first role of the molecular biologist is to technically analyze the molecular result to insure the interpretation of…
Lung cancer demography 85 % of lung tumors are NSCLCs 15 % of lung tumors are SCLCs 45 % of NSCLC cases are adenocarcinoma 45 % of NSCLC are squamous…
Fig. 1.1 Estimated age-standardized incidence of overall cancers per 100,000 in different countries (Extracted from) More than the environment, host-related characteristics are also major determinants of cancer incidence. Since cancer…
Fig. 18.1 Polarization of tumor-associated macrophages in glioma. Notice the distinct M1 and M2 phenotypes (Reprinted from Li and Graeber [18], with permission) Alternatively activated M2-type TAMs are the predominant…
Fig. 13.1 A stepwise development of CRC includes ACF, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma formation which eventually metastasize. ACFs preneoplastic lesions are develop when an insult occurs in the colonic mucosa upon…
Fig. 10.1 Schematic presentation of immune cells in the cancer microenvironment In the setting of hepatocarcinogenesis, the most important predisposing factor is chronic HBV infection. The genome of HBV alters…
Fig. 16.1 MRI scan, horizontal layer at the level of the basis of the tongue, presenting the tumor area at the right site and a group of lymph nodes at…
Fig. 24.1 Pathogenesis of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) can be divided into three phases. In the first phase, the host is conditioned by myeloablative treatment. This leads to tissue damage with…
