Albuminuria—albumin/creatinine ratio Serum creatinine aeGFR-MDRD or CKD-EPI a eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, MDRD modification of diet in renal disease, CKD-EPI chronic kidney disease epidemiology collaboration—equation Persistent albuminuria in the…
Fig. 34.1 Thresholds to hormonal, symptomatic and neurological responses to hypoglycaemia in non-diabetic adults (modified from Chapter 7 Impaired Awareness of Hypoglycaemia, p. 142, Fisher and Frier 2007 Hypoglycemia in…
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (low LH and FSH) Constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP) Functional hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: Delayed, but spontaneous, pubertal development Permanent idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) Hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction…
Fig. 32.1 Clinical manifestations Hyperglycemia develops as a result of three processes: increased gluconeogenesis, accelerated glycogenolysis, and impaired glucose utilization by peripheral tissues. Transient insulin resistance occurs due to hormone…
Fig. 24.1 Mechanisms of bone resorption. The stromal cells or osteoblast releases RANKL and osteoprotegerin. RANKL will bind to RANK on the surface of the osteoclast precursor, leading to fusion…
Fig. 18.1 (a) Hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. (b) Hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis The HPG axis matures during fetal life, with gonadotropin release persisting into infancy. Peaks in gonadotropin and sex steroid levels occur between…
Neoplastic Cysts Inflammatory/infiltrative Vascular Pituitary adenoma Craniopharyngioma Chordoma Metastasis Meningioma Germ cell tumor Glioma Granular cell tumor (pituicytoma) Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma Dermoid Pituitary carcinoma Rathke’s cleft cyst Arachnoid cyst Lymphocytic…
Fig. 1.1 The cost of DNA sequencing The Role of Genetic Testing in the Clinic The busy practitioner is challenged on a daily basis to recognize clinical scenarios that may…
Fig. 7.1 Peptide structure of Somatostatin GH secretion is also regulated by ghrelin, a growth hormone secretagogue-receptor ligand [11] that is mainly synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the stomach,…
Fig. 42.1 Illustration of main types of bariatric surgery currently being performed. By permission of Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. All rights reserved Roux-En-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is…
