Classification and Laboratory Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus
Normal Prediabetes Diabetes Insulin not needed Insulin needed for control Insulin needed for survival Type 1 DM Type 2 DM Other specific types Gestational DM Reproduced…
Hirsutism and Virilization
Age Adrenals Ovaries Others Prenatal/neonatal 46,XX CCAH: Maternal androgenizing tumors Maternal drugs Prepubertal 46,XX NCCAH Adrenal adenomas Adrenal carcinomas Adrenal hyperplasia 11β-HSD1 deficiency Androgen producing tumors (sex cord stromal; gonadoblastoma) …
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 (MEN 2) Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia Familial hypercalciuric hypercalcemia Hyperparathyroidism—jaw tumor syndrome Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism Adapted from ref. [5]…
Metabolic Bone Diseases Other than Osteoporosis
Osteogenesis imperfecta symptoms Atypical fractures Short stature Scoliosis Blue sclera Hearing loss Dentinogenesis imperfecta Laxity of the ligaments Wormian bones Laxity of the skin The types of OI can be…
Idiopathic Short Stature: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach
Primary short stature—Skeletal abnormalities With recognizable skeletal dysplasia (achondroplasia, hypochondroplasia) Without recognizable skeletal dysplasia (Turner syndrome, SHOX gene haploinsufficiency) Secondary short stature Malnutrition Psychosocial deprivation Chronic diseases Renal (renal failure,…
Gestational Diabetes
Fig. 28.1 The Pedersen Hypothesis. “Maternal hyperglycemia begets foetal macrosomia” Modified by Freinkel to include nutrients other than glucose (lipids and amino acids) Prior diagnostic pathways and nomenclature for diagnosis…
Medical Management of Obesity
References Δt week n (P/O) Dose (mg/day) Δweight (P) Δweight (SA) Comments [55] 12 19/20 150 −2.1 kg −4.3 kg First clinical study [56] 12 39/37 30 −3.2 kg −3.6…
Adrenal Incidentalomas
Etiology Prevalence (%) Laboratory screening Nonfunctional adenoma 85 Normal Subclinical Cushing’s syndrome 7 1-mg DST(serum cortisol >3 μ/dl) Plasma ACTH (<5 pg/ml) Pheocromocytoma 3.5 24-h urine metanephrines >2 mg/g Cr…
Vitamin D Deficiency
Sun-deprivation The vitamin D specifications apply to individuals with minimal or no sunlight exposure. This encompasses housebound individuals especially the frail elderly, those who practice concealment for cultural or religious…
The Diabetic Foot
Fig. 37.1 Preoperative clinical picture (a) of a severe diabetic foot infection including multiple anatomic compartments that required initial urgent surgical debridement followed by a revisional surgery with the use…
