Fig. 8.1 Critical signaling pathways as drug targets for cancer therapy. (a) Surface receptors dimerize and activate downstream effectors such as RAS (a GTPase). Many surface receptors are targeted by…
Gene symbol Pathway Tumors in which DNA methylation occurs Familial involvement BRCA1 DNA repair Breast, ovarian Breast, ovarian CDH1 Cell adhesion Diffuse gastric, lobular breast Diffuse gastric, lobular breast CDKN2A…
Fig. 14.1 Proliferative endometrium. The glands are round to tubular with pseudostratified nuclei and mitotic figures 14.3.1.2 Sixteen Day Endometrium Sixteen day endometrium is characterized by glands with cells displaying subnuclear…
Fig. 22.1 Anatomy of the colon and rectum with segments labeled. Peritonealized and non-peritonealized segments are shaded different colors The transverse colon is suspended from a sheet of peritonealized fat, the…
eliminate bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, define the term adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), define the term minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA), revive the term “lepidic,” promote comprehensive histologic subtyping, emphasize and introduce the term…
Fig. 32.1 Intraepidermal melanocytic proliferations. a Atypical lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia in lentigo maligna, b nested intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation in a compound dysplastic nevus with slight cytological atypia, c nested and pagetoid…
Fig. 30.1 Normal bone marrow. Normal elements of the bone marrow include megakaryocytes, erythroid cells and myeloid cells. Megakaryocytes are large cells with multilobated nuclei. Erythroid cells show dark round nuclei…
Fig. 26.1 Normal pancreas 26.2.5 Pancreatic Cancer and Precursor Lesions Despite representing only a small portion of the epithelial component, the vast majority (greater than 90 %) of pancreatic neoplasms have a…
Fig. 12.1 Normal breast (a), and lactational changes (b) Table 12.1 Markers of luminal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells in the terminal ductular-lobular unit (TDLU) Luminal cells Myoepithelial cells CK18 CK14 CK19…
Fig. 10.1 Embryological development of the prostate The differentiation and growth of the prostate gland is androgen dependent [4]. The primary androgen involved is testosterone, the majority of which is produced…
