Tumor type Approximate frequency (%) Clinical characteristics Imaging characteristics Predominant pathology Diffuse intrinsic 75–85 Multiple bilateral CN deficits LTS Ataxia Short clinical history Diffuse pontine enlargement T1 hypointensity T2 variable…
Major features Minor features Café au lait spots and skin freckling Macrocephaly Peripheral neurofibromas Short stature as growth hormone deficiency found in NF1 patients that do not even have hypothalamic…
Fig. 16.1 A 21-year-old female with history of grade 3 pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation (PPTID) status post gross total resection (GTR) receiving adjuvant whole ventricular radiation therapy. Top…
Fig. 14.1 Intraoperative ultrasound images of a 4-year-old boy with a low-grade glioma of the left frontal lobe. Preresection (a) and postresection (b) coronal plane images demonstrate the distinct echogenicity…
WHO grade I Benign meningiomas: with low risk of recurrence and/or low risk of aggressive growth WHO grade II Atypical meningiomas: with increased mitotic activity or three or more of…
Fig. 17.1 CNS tumor all-cause and sex-specific mortality rate compared with age-adjusted US population (Armstrong et al. 2009a) (Reprinted with permission ©2009 Oxford University Press, all rights reserved) 17.2.2 Secondary…
Pain Motor regression Weakness Gait abnormality/deterioration Torticollis Progressive kyphoscoliosis Hydrocephalus Sphincter disturbance Reflex changes Sensory impairment 10.2.3.1 Diagnostic Imaging MRI is the diagnostic tool of choice for all spinal tumors…
Fig. 4.1 Myxopapillary ependymoma, WHO grade I, demonstrates centrally placed hyalinized blood vessels, surrounded by mucinous microcystic degeneration and collars of small epithelioid ependymal cells (courtesy of Dr. A. Perry)…
Fig. 1.1 Histopathological features of pilocytic astrocytoma. (a) Field of tumor cells demonstrating increased cellularity, mild nuclear atypia, and lack of mitoses. (b) Tumor edge with gliotic border (left of…
Fig. 7.1 Rathke’s pouch projects from the roof of the stomodeum and grows toward the infundibulum during the fourth week of gestation. During the sixth week of gestation, the connection…
