Surgical Considerations of Testicular Maldescent
Fig. 20.1 Gonocyte transformation in the first year of life is an incomplete process, with many germ cells failing to transform and then undergoing apoptosis. It is quite possible that this…
Neuroblastoma
Fig. 9.1 Symptomless neck mass Fig. 9.2 Incidental finding on chest X-ray The abdomen accounts for 60% of the primary tumours half of these arise in the suprarenal gland. A further 15%…
Paediatric and Adolescent Breast Disorders
Stage Characteristics 1 Pre-adolescent: Elevation of breast papilla/nipple 2 Breast bud stage: Elevation of the breast and papilla as small mound and enlargement of areola 3 Further enlargement of breast…
Pancreas Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology
Fig. 11.1 Cell lineage schematic for pancreatic development from a multipotent progenitor stem cell Basic Anatomy The human pancreas is a long tapered glandular organ, which lies in the retroperitoneum. It…
Testis Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology
Fig. 19.1 The two stages of testicular descent. Between 8 and 15 weeks the gubernaculum or genito-inguinal ligament enlarges in male embryos under the action of Insl3 [augmented by MIS/AMH (?)]. This…
Congenital Hyperinsulinism
Drug Dose Route of administration Side effects Diazoxide 5–20 mg/kg/day divided into three doses Oral Fluid retention, hypertrichosis Chlorothiazide (in conjunction with diazoxide) 7–10 mg/kg/day divided into two doses Oral Hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia…
Thyroid Gland Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology
Fig. 1.1 Thyroid development—anterior view. The thyroid originates at the foramen cecum in the midline embryonic pharynx and descends as the thyroid diverticulum to the lower neck to its final position…
Pituitary Gland Embryology, Anatomy and Physiology
Fig. 32.1 a Midline sagittal section of brain MRI depicting the gross anatomical relations of anterior pituitary in a 2.5 year old infant. b Midline sagittal section of brain MRI in an…
The Evaluation and Management of Adrenal Masses and Adrenocortical Tumors (Act)
Fig. 10.1 A 3-month old with Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome who was born with hyperinsulinism and an omphalocele who later presented with a left adrenal mass. a Macroglossia and hirsutism (forehead). b Gynecomastia…
Breast Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology
Fig. 27.1 Gross anatomic developmental embryology Fig. 27.2 Sites of accessory breast tissue along the embryonic milk line Two theories of embryogenesis have arisen based on the development of the breast. One…
