Steroid Receptors in Breast Cancer
Abstract The estrogen receptor (ER) is the most important member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that controls the replication or apoptotic death of selected populations of breast cancer cells. The…
Infiltrating Carcinomas of the Breast: Not One Disease
Abstract Traditionally breast cancer has been classified according to morphologic features. Despite emerging era of personalized medicine and availability of molecular testing, the histologic classification remains valuable. Different patterns of…
In Situ Carcinomas of the Breast: Ductal Carcinoma in Situ and Lobular Carcinoma in Situ
Abstract Over the past several decades, the widespread adoption of mammographic screening has had a significant impact on the incidence, diagnosis, classification, and treatment of all breast diseases. These changes…
Breast Biomarker Immunocytochemistry
Abstract Organization, more than 20 morphologic subtypes of breast cancer have been recognized. By gene expression, invasive breast cancer is classified into at least four major subtypes; luminal A, luminal…
Risk Factors for Breast Carcinoma in Women With Proliferative Breast Disease
Abstract We review the evidence that proliferative breast disease increases the risk of breast cancer. Results from six cohorts give consistent estimates of these risks. The combined estimate of the…
Discharges and Secretions of the Nipple
Abstract Nipple discharge is a common breast symptom that warrants evaluation. Although most discharges are due to benign conditions, discharge may be due to an underlying malignancy. This chapter reviews…
Breast Cancer Genetics: Syndromes, Genes, Pathology, Counseling, Testing, and Treatment
Abstract Only approximately 10% of breast cancers are caused by identifiable mutations in major breast cancer susceptibility genes. Nevertheless, for families affected by these mutations, genetic testing is a powerful…
Primary Prevention of Breast Cancer
Abstract This chapter reviews 20 years of randomized, prospective clinical research on the use of selective hormone receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors for the reduction of breast cancer risk in…
Molecular Prognostic Factors for Breast Carcinoma
Abstract Molecular genomic testing provides clinicians with prognostic and predictive information that can help individualize treatment, decrease the risk of over- or under-treatment, and, accordingly, improve outcomes. In this chapter,…
Paget Disease of the Breast
Abstract Paget disease (PD) is defined as the presence of neoplastic cells of glandular differentiation, interspersed between keratinocytes of nipple epidermis, and constitutes approximately 1% of breast cancer cases. More…
