Predictor Score Age < 2 years 3 Presence of transependymal edema 1 Moderate/severe hydrocephalus 2 Cerebral metastases 3 Preoperative estimated tumor diagnosis Medulloblastoma 1 Ependymoma 1 Dorsally exophytic brainstem glioma…
Fig. 16.1 This example depicts a 16-year-old female who presented with headaches, visual changes, and amenorrhea. On MRI (a), she was found to have a suprasellar mass with radiologic changes…
Histologic subtype Region and reference Years Incidence rate (95% CI) All brain tumors Europe (Peris-Bonet et al. 2006) 1988–1997 2.99 United States (Ostrom et al. 2013) 2006–2010 5.26 (5.19–5.33) Japan…
Fig. 12.1 (a) The target volume definition for glioblastomas according to the CCG-943 study and most commonly used in US centers. The red line depicts the extent of the primary…
Fig. 41.1 Schematic representation of analyses of patients’ blood and tissue specimens. Various methods are used to analyze blood, other body fluids, or solid specimens obtained by surgery or biopsy…
Fig. 12.1 Annexin A1-mediated homing of dendritic cells. Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is released from cancer cells in response to certain therapeutic approaches including the anthracycline- and oxaliplatin-based chemotherapeutic induction of…
Fig. 32.1 Dose-toxicity and dose-efficacy relationships with immune checkpoint blockers. Contrary to cytotoxic agents (left panel), immune checkpoint blockers (right panel) do not display any linear dose-toxicity or dose-efficacy relationship….
Fig. 37.1 Overview 37.1 The Immune System in the Colon and in Colorectal Cancer The delicate balance between innate and adaptive immune system is of great importance in areas, where…
Fig. 20.1 The ligands for PD-1 are PD-L1 and PD-L2. PD-L1 and PD-L2 may also bind to B7.1 and RGMb 20.3 Initial Studies with Single Agent Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors In…
Fig. 29.1 Treg depletion mediated by low-dose chemotherapy and IL-2-/IL-2R-targeting drugs. (a) Low-dose oral metronomic chemotherapeutic agents including cyclophosphamide (CTX), paclitaxel (PTX), and fludarabine (FDB) induce a profound and selective…
