Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Fig. 13.1 Proposed progression model for pancreatic cancer. The majority of pancreatic cancer is believed to involve telomere shortening and mutations of the oncogene KRAS occurring in early stages, followed…
Esophageal Cancer
Primary tumor (T)* TX Primary tumor cannot be assessed T0 No evidence of primary tumor Tis High-grade dysplasia** T1 Tumor invades lamina propria, muscularis mucosae, or submucosa T1a Tumor invades…
Rectal Cancer
Fig. 18.1 A 62-year-old woman who presents with a rectal adenocarcinoma involving the sphincter complex. She is not a candidate for sphincter-preserving operation. The patient underwent neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy followed…
Locally Advanced Breast Cancer (LABC)
Fig. 5.1 Inflammatory breast cancer: Note the swollen breast, erythema, skin thickening, and peau d’orange. (Courtesy of Quyen D. Chu, MD, MBA, FACS) Fig. 5.2 (a): Pictures of patients with…
Local Excision of Early-Stage Rectal Cancer
T1N0 No evidence of lymphovascular invasion Well-differentiated to moderately differentiated tumor Tumor < 3 cm in diameter Involved < 30 % circumference of rectal wall Posterior Approach The approach to locally resect rectal cancer…
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (PNETs)
Clinical presentation Diagnosis Malignant potential Location in the pancreas Localization studies Insulinoma Symptoms of hypoglycemia Whipple’s triad Hypoglycemia Fasting glucose <40 mg/dl Symptomatic relief with glucose Glucose <45 mg/dl (no sulfonylurea)…
Adrenal Lesions
Fig. 14.1 A patient with benign bilateral adrenal lesions. He has a symptomatic left adrenal myelolipoma and underwent a left adrenalectomy. The 5 cm asymptomatic lesion on the right side…
Hereditary Colorectal Cancer and Polyposis Syndromes
Fig. 20.1 Distribution of colorectal cancer cases (Courtesy of Quyen D. Chu, MD, MBA, FACS) Lynch Syndrome The most common form of heritable CRC is Lynch syndrome, which accounts for…
Small Bowel Cancer
Type of cancer Incidence rate Common site Risk factors 5-year survival Carcinoid 37–44 % Ileum (44 %) MEN1a 60–75 % Adenocarcinoma 33–36 % Duodenum (55 %), jejunum (30 %), ileum…
Gastric Cancer
Fig. 9.1 EGD picture of a 51-year-old man with a large gastric fundus adenocarcinoma (Courtesy of Quyen D. Chu, MD, MBA, FACS) While an EGD confirms the pathologic diagnosis in…
